GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS:A –Z//IMPORTANT TERMS_ PART -07
A / B / C/ D / E / F/ G/ H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O/ P / Q / R / S / T/ U / V /W/ Y/ Z
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS A-Z //IMPORTANT TERMS FOR GEOGRAPHY
H
1)
Habitat:-A preferred
location for particular species of plants and animals to live and reproduce.
2)
Hanging
valley:-A tributary valley entering a main valley at a much
higher level because of deepening of the main valley, especially by glacial
erosion.
3)
HDI
(human development index):-A measurement of a country’s achievements in three
areas: longevity, knowledge and standard of living. Longevity is measured by
life expectancy at birth; knowledge is measured by a combination of the adult
literacy rate and the combined gross primary, secondary and tertiary school
enrolment ratio; standard of living is measured by GDP per capita.
4)
Headland:-A promontory of
resistant rock along the coastline.
5)
Hemisphere:-Any half of a
globe or sphere. The earth has traditionally been divided into hemispheres by
the equator (northern and southern hemispheres) and by the prime meridian and
International Date Line (eastern and western hemispheres).
6)
Hill
farming:-A system of agriculture where sheep (and to a lesser
extent cattle) are grazed on upland rough pasture.
7)
Hill
shading :-Shadows drawn on a map to create a 3-dimensional
effect and a sense of visual relief.
8)
Histogram
:-A
graph for showing values of classed data as the areas of bars.
9)
Horizon:-The distinct
layers found in the soil profi le. Usually three horizons are identifi ed – A,
B and C,
10)
Horticulture
:-The
growing of plants and flowers for commercial sale. It is now an international
trade, for example, orchids are grown in Southeast Asia for sale in Europe.
11)
Human
geography :-The study of people and their activities in terms of
patterns and processes of population, settlement, economic activity and
communications. Compare physical geography.
12)
Hunter/gatherer
economy :-A pre-agricultural phase of development in which
people survive by hunting and gathering the animal and plant resources of the
natural environment.
13)
Hurricane,
cyclone or typhoon:-A wind of force 12 on the Beaufort wind scale, i.e.
one having a velocity of more than 118 km per hour. Hurricanes can cause great
damage by wind as well as from the storm waves and floods that accompany them.
14)
Hydraulic
action:-The erosive force of water alone, as distinct from
corrasion. A river or the sea will erode partially by the sheer force of moving
water and this is termed ‘hydraulic action’.
15)
Hydroelectric
power :-The generation of electricity by turbines driven by
flowing water. Hydroelectricity is most efficiently generated in rugged
topography where a head of water can most easily be created, or on a large
river where a dam can create similar conditions. Whatever the location, the
principle remains the same – that water descending via conduits from an upper storage
area passes through turbines and thus creates electricity.
16)
Hydrological
cycle :-The cycling of water through sea, land and
atmosphere.
17)
Hydrosphere:-All the water on
Earth, including that present in the atmosphere as well as in oceans, seas, ice
sheets, etc.
18)
Hygrometer:-An instrument
for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere. It comprises two
thermometers, one of which is kept moist by a wick inserted in a water reservoir.
Evaporation from the wick reduces the temperature of the ‘wet bulb’
thermometer, and the difference between the dry and the wet bulb temperatures
is used to calculate relative humidity from standard tables.
I
I.
Ice
Age:-A
period of glaciation in which a cooling of climate leads to the development of
ice sheets, ice caps and valley glaciers.
II.
Ice
cap:-A
covering of permanent ice over a relatively small land mass, e.g. Iceland.
III.
Ice
sheet:-A covering of permanent ice over a substantial
continental area such as Antarctica.
IV.
Iceberg:-A large mass of
ice which has broken off an ice sheet or glacier and left floating in the sea.
V.
Igneous
rock :-A rock which originated as magma (molten rock) at
depth in or below the Earth’s crust. Igneous rocks are generally classified
according to crystal size, colour and mineral composition.
VI.
Immigration:-The movement of
people into a country or region from other countries or regions.
VII.
Impermeable
rock:-A
rock that is non-porous and therefore incapable of taking in water or of
allowing it to pass through between the grains.
VIII.
Impervious
rock :-A non-porous rock with no cracks or fissures through
which water might pass.
IX.
Imports
:-Goods
or services bought into one country from another
X.
Industrialization:-The development
of industry on an extensive scale.
XI.
Infiltration:-The gradual
movement of water into the ground.
XII.
Infrastructure
:-The
basic structure of an organization or system. The infrastructure of a city
includes, for example, its roads and railways, schools, factories, power and
water supplies.
XIII.
Inner
city :-The ring of buildings around the Central Business
District (CBD) of a town or city.
XIV.
Intensive
farming :-A system of agriculture where relatively large amounts
of capital and/or labour are invested on relatively small areas of land.
XV.
Interglacial
:-A
warm period between two periods of glaciation and cold climate. The present interglacial
began about 10,000 years ago.
XVI.
International
Date Line :-An imaginary line which approximately follows 180°
longitude.The area of the world just east of the line is one day ahead of the
area just west of the line.
XVII.
International
trade:-The exchange of goods and services between
countries.
XVIII.
Intrusion
:-A
body of igneous rock injected into the Earth’s crust from the mantle below.
XIX.
Irrigation:-A system of
artificial watering of the land in order to grow crops. Irrigation is
particularly important in areas of low or unreliable rainfall.
XX.
Island:-A mass of land,
smaller than a continent, which is completely surrounded by water.
XXI.
Isobar
:-A
line joining points of equal atmospheric pressure, as on the meteorological map
below.
XXII.
Isohyets:- A line on a
meteorological map joining places of equal rainfall.
XXIII.
Isotherm
:-A
line on a meteorological map joining places of equal temperature
AYANTANI SINGH Msc, B.Ed
GEOGRAPHIA
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